Automatic Flight Control Systems Engineering Essay

Programmed Flight Control Systems Engineering Essay We face a daily reality such that innovation is, if not being improved, created constantly. Regular new upgrades, developments and disclosures are made. One industry that is consistently on the lead with regards to new creations and advancements is the Aviation Industry. Throughout the years, airplanes have been confronting significant enhancements for the structure, eco-friendliness, life-length, scope of flight. In any case, perhaps the best improvement that have been done on each airplane (business) that had the greatest effect in the Aviation Industry and most presumably the fundamental motivation behind why the business has been blasting up is the upgrades done in the Avionics area, explicitly the Automatic Flight Controls. To start with, Pilots were prepared to fly the airplanes alone. In any case, following quite a long while, it is currently the pilots programming the PC, disclosing to it where to fly, at what elevation, and so on. This PC is the AFCS (Automatic Flight Contro l System). In today’s current universe of flying, it is the AFCS who is actually flying the airplane, from cruising to landing, and for some until stopping. The AFCS has a ton of points of interest when contrasted with human pilots with regards to flying. Here are some of them: The AFCS can beat lacks with regards to strength and control. The AFCS improved the dealing with characteristics. For example, when the velocity or the height of the airplane should be steady. The AFCS is increasingly exact and thus can do a few undertakings that the pilot can't do. * Source: Emirates Aviation College’s Automatic Flight Control Systems Book (Chapter 3.1.3) To improve comprehension of the AFCS, its various pieces will be examined, for example, the Autopilot System, Flight Director System, Auto Throttle System and so forth. The data about the AFCS will be founded on one of Boeing’s great airplanes, the 737-500. FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FMS) The Flight Management System is route, consolidated flight control, a Built-In Test Equipment (BITE) and a direction framework. The FMS gives control and activity of five autonomous subsystems to give parallel route (LNAV) and vertical route (VNAV) for execution the executives and ideal flight profiles. The Flight Management System isn't marked to any control board or any single part as it is a combination of five autonomous subsystems. These subsystems are: Digital Flight Control System (DFCS) Inertial Reference System (IRS) Autothrottle Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) Flight Management Computer System (FMCS) * Source: United Airlines’ Boeing 737-322/522 (page 6, Chapter 22-2, Oct ’99) from Emirates Aviation College Library This framework was intended to expand eco-friendliness, wellbeing and abatement remaining task at hand. For the two pilots, this implies they can choose full FMS activity or Autopilot Flight Director System (AFDS) for a total programmed flight. They can even utilize th e Control Display Units (CDU) to give, for manual flight, reference data. The board and activity is absolutely heavily influenced by the flight group. There are just sure tasks that must be executed by the flight team. They are: landing rollout directing, push inversion, speed brake activity, height choice, landing apparatus and fold activity, instrument landing framework (ILS) tuning, push inception, brake discharge, plane pivot and guiding during departure roll.

ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENTLY Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENTLY - Dissertation Example 2. WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF TRANSACTIONS TO WHICH THE BAN ON RIBA IS APPLICABLE? DOES THE TERM APPLY ONLY TO THE INTEREST CHARGED ON CONSUMPTION LOANS OR DOES IT ALSO COVER PRODUCTIVE LOANS ADVANCED BY BANKING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS? The Shariah unmistakably expresses that riba al-nasi'ah, â€Å"the fixing ahead of time a positive profit for an advance as an award for waiting† is denied. Thus it could be comprehended as a restriction on enthusiasm as usually utilized today. Islamic legal scholars, the fuqaha, state in no muddled terms that all indications of riba are illegal. So it doesn't make a difference if the setting is utilization or business and furthermore whether the advance in gave or benefited. It is additionally unessential whether the foundation being referred to is a business bank, government organization, business endeavor or a person. 3. DOES THE PROHIBITION OF RIBA APPLY EQUALLY TO THE LOANS OBTAINED FROM OR EXTENDED TO MUSLIMS AS WELL AS NON-MUSLIMS? The Isla mic Fiqh Academy (IFA), which is the main expert on money related exchanges, makes reference to that there is no mercy in the utilization of Shariah laws regardless of whether one gathering of a monetary exchange is non-Muslim. ... IS SUCH A SCHEME ACCEPTABLE FROM AN ISLAMIC POINT OF VIEW? In economies with high paces of expansion, limitations forced by Shariah laws can subvert estimation of ventures. To make up for such a misfortune, a technique for indexation is generally utilized. There is no accord yet among the fuqaha, regarding the similarity of indexation rehearses with Islamic sacred texts. So far the Fiqh Academy has allowed indexation in cases relating to â€Å"wages and contracts satisfied over a time of time† and has prohibited in cases relating to fiscal obligations. Essentially, â€Å"for obligations in a particular cash, due in portions, the gatherings may consent to settle the portions due in an alternate money at the overarching pace of trade on the date of settlement†. 5. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MODES OF FINANCING USED BY ISLAMIC BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS? Islamic financial framework has designed a couple of sharp methods of financing so as to conform to Shariah standards. The primary mode depends on sharing of the two benefits and misfortunes caused by speculations, individually the mudarahab (detached organization) and musharakah (dynamic association). The subsequent mode works based on layaway offered durig the acquisition of products and ventures and uses such budgetary ideas as murabahah (deal at a benefit markup), ijarah (renting), salam and istisna (contracts). These modes are one of a kind to Islamic back and have been affirmed by fiqh authorities. Aside from being steady with Islamic statutes, these modes boost direct speculations, in this way adding to monetary development of the bank/establishment/nation. However, upgrades should be done so as to coordinate Islamic money related framework into worldwide

University Access Guidelines Published

University Access Guidelines Published The OE Blog The Office for Fair Access published guidelines this week on the access measures expected of universities charging tuition fees over £6000 when the new policy comes into force in 2012. The Coalition government has set an upper limit of £9000 on fees, but has left it to individual universities to choose what price to set for each of their courses. The government, and in particular Nick Clegg, who has come under fire for his U-turn on tuition fees, promised that universities would only charge up to £9000 under “exceptional circumstances”, and that they would be deterred from doing so by extremely demanding requirements for improving access for underprivileged students. Yet these new guidelines, described as “toothless” by the Cambridge University Student Union, provide little reassurance for those concerned that poorer students are going to be priced out of higher education. A sliding scale has been set for the percentage of fee income above £6000 that would have to be spent on access schemes and support for poorer students. The scale ranges from 15% to 30%, with those universities who attract a lower percentage of students from underprivileged backgrounds having to put a higher percentage of income towards improving their access measures. So far, so good. But because this percentage also includes measures of financial support for poorer students, the sliding scale is a poorly thought-out system. Those universities who attract high numbers of poorer students will have a lower percentage set for scholarship and bursary financing, meaning that they may not have enough money to provide adequate funding for the numbers of underprivileged students they need to support! It seems sensible to suggest that universities failing to attract enough lower income applicants should have to spend more on access schemes, but not that those with a high proportion of poorer students ought to be spending less on financial support for them. A waste of money Instead of setting clear and official measures that must be undertaken by universities attracting low numbers of poorer students, the guidelines are wishy-washy and vague, allowing for money to be allocated to “outreach projects” instead of bursaries that would go directly to the students who need them. As universities will be allowed to choose themselves where to spend their access money within the list of proposed possibilities, this opens the door for thousands of pounds to be wasted on more access and outreach schemes such as those already in place at Oxford and Cambridge University that have been completely ineffectual in realistically improving the ratio of disadvantaged students taking up places. Universities have been quick to point out that they are already taking access measures such as organising school talks and visits, with the Russell Group of top universities claiming that its members already spend £75 million a year on access projects. So in reality the impact here is likely to be a huge blow to access to university for underprivileged students as universities tighten their belts, making bursaries and grants less available, whilst money is poured into ineffectual but compulsory access outreach programs. No targets or levels Amazingly, OFFA will not be setting any specific access targets for universities to achieve in order to retain their high levels of tuition fees, nor will they even decide whether a university should be classed as having a high or low level of underprivileged students. The institutions will be able to decide “for themselves” which category they fall into and decide what funds ought to be allocated accordingly. These are hardly the tough regulations Clegg promised to deter them from setting tuition fees at the highest possible levels and to “dramatically increase” the uptake of less advantaged students at the most prestigious universities. A spokesperson for the 1994 group of research universities unsurprisingly “welcomed” the proposals, praising them for allowing universities to set “their own priorities”. So the government promises to force universities to prioritise access for underprivileged students as a requirement to offset the potentially devastating impact of raised tuition fees on poorer applicants seems to have fallen utterly by the wayside. No Retribution To make matters even worse, there are no stated definite ramifications for those universities failing to comply with the guidelines; with OFFA simply retaining the power to withdraw agreement for universities to continue charging fees above £6000 should they feel adequate access measures were not being taken. Small comfort, given that the body has had this power since its initial formation but never once used it in spite of shockingly low percentages of underprivileged students taking up places at our top universities. Then again, how could they impose sanctions and punishments on a system so malleable and toothless that it does not even have any stated targets or goals? Regardless of the levels of fees they charge or access measures they take, with no set requirements for improving their access figures it will be impossible for universities to fail. Economic consequences The likely result of all this will be a surge in price, with many top universities in England choosing to set their tuition fees at the maximum limit of £9000. This will cause huge difficulties for the government, whose allocation of funds for student loan provision has been calculated on the basis of an average fee of £7500. So once again, after decimating the chances of reaching higher education for those from the most underprivileged backgrounds and creating a tiered education system where the rich can pay and the poor miss out, the coalition government may even have created a scheme that costs far more money than it saves.

In an Antique Land Essay - 804 Words

In Amitav Ghoshs, In an Antique Land, the author compares his life with that of a slave named Bomma. He reveals that both men live in antique lands, foreign to their culture and surrounded by very different people. Ghosh also relates the book to Percy Bysshe Shellys poem Ozymandias, a piece on mankinds hubris and the insignificance of the individual. Ghosh effectively juxtaposes Bommas life with his own as he tries to find himself and unlock the slaves past through the ancient papers of the Cairo Geniza. Through historical details and antidotes, the author proves how a place can be both antique and contemporary. The title of the book comes from not only Ghoshs study of the history of the Middle East, but his observation on†¦show more content†¦His religion is a constant reminder of how he is an outcast yet he is also judging the culture he feels is criticizing him. He sees them as outdated and disapproving while they see him as unusual and mysterious. He is criticized for his religion and customs, and the children mock him in disbelief for being Hindu. One little boy comments on his amazement with this foreign culture: You mean, he said in rising disbelief, there are people in your country who are not circumcised? In Arabic the word circumcise derives from a root that means to purify; to say of someone that they are uncircumcised is more or less to call them impure. Yes, I answered, yes, many people in my country are ‘impure. I had no alternative; I was trapped by language. (62) This is just one example of how Ghosh is treated as an outcast in the small town of no one of the small religion. He does not fully understand the language or culture that surrounds him, which causes even further confusion among the parties. This relates back to Shellys poem because both the visitor and the ancient are being observed and criticized. While Ghosh realizes that the town will never respect why he worships cows or burns the dead, he desperately tries to analyze the town he lives in. As he buries his head in letters from Ben Yiju, he slowly puts together the relationship betweenShow MoreRelatedAmitav Ghoshs In an Antique Land1088 Words   |  5 PagesBook Review: Amitav Ghosh In an Antique Land â€Å"The only people for whom we can even begin to imagine properly human, individual, existences are the literate and the consequential, the wazirs and the sultans, the chroniclers, and the priests—the people who had the power to inscribe themselves physically upon time† (Ghosh 17). History is written by the victorious, influential and powerful; however, history has forgotten the people whose voices were seized, those who were illiterate and ineloquent,Read MoreThe And Object Of Annexation1610 Words   |  7 PagesSeveral issues can occur when purchasing land. For example, Alfie is concerned with fixtures and chattels. Roxie’s dilemma is concerned with conveyancing process and proprietary estoppel. Fixtures and chattels are difficult to determine because there opposing opinions which contradict one another. Nevertheless, the â€Å"degree and object of annexation† test can help determine the status of an item. This essay will evaluate the items to see wh ether they are fixtures or chattels whilst, demonstrating howRead MoreEssay on Jamestown Vs. New England Colony1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthey found in Jamestown. In addition to the â€Å"Gentry† who was not accustomed to manual or skilled labor, they consisted mainly of English farmers who were not prepared physically or emotionally for the problems that would face them. (old and sold antique digest) Yet despite this they persevered and worked as a team to establish a colony. However, when two ships, crudely constructed in Bermuda, arrived at the settlement with no supplies, when the colonists desperately needed supplies the most, theRead MoreWilliam Randolph Hearst And Building Hearst Castle1193 Words   |  5 Pages1951 in Beverly Hills, California. Transition: Using the land that he inherited he built the magnificent Hearst Castle in 1919. (VISUAL AID #1) The Hearst’s Castle contains: 38 bathrooms, 41 bedrooms, 41 antique fireplaces, 41 antique ceilings, 2 elevators, a wine cellar, an indoor and outdoor pool, tennis courts, 3 guest houses, a zoo, a private airport, and 127 acres of gardens. The rest of the land inherited from his mother is all ranch land. Hearst also installed 3 vaults into the castle to keepRead MoreWilliam Randolph Hearst And Building Hearst Castle1259 Words   |  6 PagesCalifornia. Transition: Using the land that he inherited he built the magnificent Hearst Castle in 1919. (VISUAL AID #1) According to the Mega Mansions TV Show, the Hearst’s Castle contains: 38 bathrooms, 41 bedrooms, 41 antique fireplaces, 41 antique ceilings, 2 elevators, a wine cellar, an indoor and outdoor pool, tennis courts, 3 guest houses, a zoo, a private airport, and 127 acres of gardens. The rest of the land inherited from his mother is all ranch land. Hearst also installed 3 vaults intoRead MoreOzymandias Analysis1261 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore any type of documentation was in place. So the things he has done may never be remembered. You get this sense form the opening line â€Å"I met a traveler from an antique land† (Shelley, 1). This is saying that before the traveler told him of this site he hadn’t heard of Ozymandias or his empire. The description of an antique land also does a good job of describing how this area was once a large prospering empire and now nothing but ruins remain. Going back to the words on the pedestal â€Å"My nameRead More Analyzing the Spectrum of Ozymandias Essay780 Words   |  4 Pagesmystery to the reader. He uses words which have a meaing that could be explained in different ways. When Shelley placed the word antique in describing the traveller as being from an antique land, it demostrates an era of mystery. The question has to be asked; what is anitque land? Anitque seems to have the meaning of old and wise, but what land is not old and wise. Some lands are undiscovered but still they have a history and a past. Shelley leaves the traveller, stopping to tell the story, wise butRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Ozymandias `` And The Ballad Of Birmingham ``1266 Words   |  6 Pagesencounter of a traveller from an antique land, who through his point of view, describes a fallen statue of a once powerful king (614). Shelley s poem has made Ozymandias seem as if he was a fool, who was attempting to refuse the acknowledg e of time s destruction of human achievement. The king attempted to be remembered favorably through his posterity and excessive pride (Stephens). In the first part of the poem, the author comes upon a traveller from a distant land, the traveller describes a destroyedRead MorePreservation And Preservation Of Preservation1663 Words   |  7 Pagesenhances the property value of the land and structure, which most likely will increase over the years. In 1963, the San Francisco Examiner asked the question to its readers â€Å"What’s worth saving?† The San Francisco Examiner inquiry to its audience regarded the closure of the Fox Theater, which met no resistance from the community in San Francisco for its preservation. With the demolition of the Fox Theater, it raised several other questions for other antique buildings in the area. The Place ofRead MoreOzymandias : A Sonnet Of Lost Time Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagescore, Ozymandias is about the ravages of time. No one, not even the great Pharaoh could escape it. He had built these monuments to himself that were meant to tell people of the future about his achievements. However, as the ‘traveller from a distant land’ tells the speaker, time has worn and destroyed the monuments till there is nothing but a pair of stone legs left. When I, as a reader, read Ozymandias, I see a short tale of how one who thought himself to be so mighty and important could be forgotten

The Eighteenth Century Age Of Enlightenment - 2647 Words

Catherine Liang Mr. Pointer Hon. History 1 29 August 2014 Cornell Notes: Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: Age of Enlightenment Key Topics/Questions Notes Marie-Therese de Geoffrin: The Enlightenment: -Was religion becoming unreliable? Path to Enlightenment: Popularization of Science: - Bernard de Fontenelle New Skepticism: -Pierre Bayle Impact of Travel Literature: -Did other cultures effect society back in Europe and the way they thought about their government? Legacy of John Locke and Isaac Newton: The Philosophes and Their Ideas: -Why were social reformers most important if their work was not accepted by the censors? -Did censors arrest them because they did not want uprisings from the ideas people might get? Montesquieu and Political Thought: -Did the United States government adapt the idea of checks and balances from Montesquieu’s work? -During this time, what kind of government did Europe have? Voltaire and the Enlightenment: -Did the strict control of the censors become less controlling in this time? -What caused him to be so rational, especially in the Calas affair? Diderot and the Encyclopedia: New â€Å"Science of Man†: -If government allowed people to have the freedom to do whatever they wanted in economy, would tat not cause conflict between competitive things? -Was this debate brought up to figure out how to help people with their economy? -Laissez faire had to have restrictions in order to maintainShow MoreRelated Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesNeoclassicism and the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a time of great innovation and evolution. One of the most significant movements which owes at least the majority of its beginnings to the Enlightenment is the architectural and artistic movement of Neoclassicism. This Neoclassicism of the mid eighteenth to mid nineteenth centuries is one that valued ancient Greek, Roman, and Etruscan artistic ideals. These ideals, including order, symmetry, and balance, were considered by manyRead MoreSummary Of The Enlightenment Salons767 Words   |  4 PagesRepublic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (1994) and Becoming a Woman in the Age of Letters (2009). In her article, â€Å"Enlightenment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambition,† (1989) Dena Goodman stresses the pivotal role of women, as salonnià ¨res, in the transformation and governance of eighteenth-century French Enlightenment salons, which were the base of the philosophes’ pursuit of the Enlightenment project; furthermore, Goodman argues the reciprocal successesRead MoreThe Enlightenment Essay999 Words   |  4 Pagesseventeenth centuries the scientific revolution brought about a slow change in societies’ thinking regarding math, earth science, physics, and astronomy. Early on, new ideas about our universe were not widely accepted, especially from the church. This soon changed due to the hard work and perseverance of several scientists and philosophers who unbeknownst to them brought about an era known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment, which eased into existence in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuriesRead MoreWomen in the Enlightenment Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enlightenment is known as the revolution that brought to question the traditional political and social structures. This included the question of the woman’s traditional roles in society. As the public sphere relied more and more and the advances in scientific and educated thinking, women sought to join in with the ranks of their male counterparts. Women held gatherings known as salons where they organized intellectual conversations with their distinguished male guests. Seeking to furtherRead MoreAge of Enlightenment: Revolutionary Viewpoints Spreading Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesThe age of enlightenment is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the late 17th and 18th century. (wikipedia.com) When the word enlightenment comes to mind your first thought is of change for the better. A time of prosperity and success within a country. Several individuals have been credited and blamed for leading and contributing to the Enlightenment. These thinkers not only changed their views, but also spread revolutionary ideas to others. TheseRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 Pageson the causes of Atlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source which willRead MoreThe Impact of the Scientific Revolution Upon the Enlightenment 975 Words   |  4 PagesThe age of Enlightenment was a progression of the cultural and intellectual changes in Europe that had resulted from the scientific revolution during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The scientific revolution and the discoveries made about the natural world would ultimately challenge the way people perceived the world around them. Scientist found real answers, by questioning flawed ancient beliefs that were widely held and maintained by the church. Ultimately, these discoveries and scientificRead MoreJohn Beckett s The Glorious Revolution971 Words   |  4 Pagesthat it was the first building stone for â€Å"the British constitution† because it limited the monarchic power. During the eighteenth century, the period of the Age of Enlightenment is considered â€Å"from 1713 to 1789† because Anthony Pagden states that Europe was like â€Å" a republic of states,† and it was like a union acting together and talking with one voice. The Age of Enlightenment was totally an act of improvement in trade, preventing and thwarting religion related wars, and monarchic rules. E. P.Read MoreOverview of The Enlightenment Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment was a period of history throughout the mid-decades of the seventeenth century and during the course of the eighteenth century, in which intense revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics occurred. This part of history was important because it was an enormous departure from the Middle Ages. Seldom before and after this time, did the Church have as much power as it did during the Enlightenment. There were three main eras of the Enlightenment: The Early EnlightenmentRead MoreEssay on The Enlightenment1246 Words   |  5 Pagespervasive shifts. The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century was one of these paradigm historical shifts, challenging t he traditional notions of authority by investing reason with the power to change the human condition for the better. This ecumenical emphasis on reason and independent thought led to an explosion of change and development across science, philosophy, religion, and politics. Later ideologies that would shape the socioeconomic landscape of the next two centuries were themselves shaped

Immoral Greed †War and Morality Free Essays

I am writing to you today because I want to express to you my ideas on morality and war. Morality is an ideal that can be defined as doing what is right, from a philosophical perspective, regardless of the potential consequences of taking action. Although morality is simple to define, what is moral to one person may be immoral to another, making morality entirely subjective when it comes to real problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Immoral Greed – War and Morality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Political, societal, and religious influences are just a few inputs that can affect whether a person sees a particular situation as either moral or immoral. Morality is entirely relative, and can change based on the situation. One of the most controversial issues, as morality is concerned, is that of war. While war is a necessary evil, political influences and the need for power make war a potential immoral action when it is not done for the betterment of a nation or society. The motives of a nation that goes to war are one of the most controversial when it comes to the issues of morality. A nation can become involved in a violent interaction for many reasons, and the morality of the war can be based on these reasons. Some wars are fueled by power hungry politicians, while others are waged on religious or societal beliefs and impressions. The issue of morality and war is covered in Jimmy Carter’s, â€Å"Just War – or a Just War?† and Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. First, I believe that in order for a war to be a moral war, all non-violent options must be exercised. In Jimmy Carter’s op-ed piece, entitled â€Å"Just War – or a Just War?†, Mr. Carter makes the observation that â€Å"†¦ war can be waged only as a last resort† (Carter 260). Before a war is waged, a nation’s leaders should exhaust any diplomatic means of resolving the differences they have with their foes. In some governments, hunger for power, rather than acting on a threat, causes war to be waged at the drop of a hat. In the current war in Iraq, there is much controversy over whether the United States declared war on Iraq because it was a last resort, or because the U.S. was hungry for power, and wanted to exert its influence over the Iraqi people. This element of war is further corroborated in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s , â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. At the height of racial tension in the South, King writes, â€Å"†¦ the city’s white power structure left the Negro community with no alternative† (King, Jr. 164). This reflects that not only can war be waged between nations, it can also be waged in a different sense, among a nation. Mr. King also outlines four steps in resolving conflicts in a non-violent manner, â€Å"†¦ collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action† (King, Jr. 164). It is important to note that the final step in this outline is direct action. In the same way that problems between nations must be resolved, tensions among a nation must also be resolved, and these attempts at a resolution must be made in a diplomatic way if possible before war is waged. Secondly, I believe that a moral war must consist of actions that are equivalent to those actions taken against the nation. Although the consequences of war, such as death and destruction, are inevitable, Carter also notes that, â€Å"Its violence must be proportional to the injury we have suffered† (Carter 260). To lash out at a weaker nation simply because of differing ideals is not an acceptable cause for war. However, to react to a threat or aggressive acts, is an acceptable cause to wage a war. Many times, governments are hungry for power and will go to war for any reason, simply to exert their power and influence over other countries, thus extending their influence across the nations. For example, the war that the United States has waged against Iraq is a questionable one when it comes to this element. Carter notes that the â€Å"†¦ efforts to tie Iraq to the 9/11 terrorist attacks have been unconvincing† (Carter 260). Although Saddam Hussein’s rule over his people may have been cruel and murderous, the United States did not have the evidence they should have had linking Iraq to the Twin Towers incident in order to justify declaring war. In this sense, the current war may not be moral, as the United States acted out of proportion to any actions Iraq took against us. The idea of any retaliation against or among a nation being based only on injuries suffered, is furthered in Mr. King’s observations. In Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, he notes that â€Å"we have not made a single gain in civil rights without determined legal and nonviolent pressure† (King, Jr. 166). Because the injuries suffered by the African American public in the South were not of a physical nature, but rather a political nature, Mr. King reiterates that with consistent pressure from the African American community in a non-violent manner, they have been able to make progress in obtaining civil rights. It is important to note Mr. King’s emphasis on the necessity of determination in bringing about any amount of change to the African American community. To resolve the conflict in the South between races, it took many years of protesting and non-violent measures, and if the African American population had not been determined to bringing about a non-violent end to their struggle, the changes that took place may have never occurred. Finally, I believe that a war can only be considered to be moral if the outcome of the war is a significant improvement over the nation that existed prior to the conflict. Carter notes that in order for a war to be just, â€Å"The peace it establishes must be a clear improvement over what exists† (Carter 260). In essence, the aftermath of the war must create a sense of peace that is much improved over what had previously existed within the nation – if it does not, the war was ultimately in vain. These elements are apparent in the current war that the United States is waging in Iraq. The United States has gone to war with Iraq, perhaps with the best of intentions for the Iraqi people, but only chaos and destruction have ensued. The peace of the nation of Iraq has not been much improved over what was previously in place. Martin Luther King, Jr. touches on the idea of acceptable moral reasons for demanding changes, as well. Mr. King writes, â€Å"Thus it is that I can urge men to obey the 1954 decision of the Supreme Court, for it is morally right; and I can urge them to disobey segregation ordinances, for they are morally wrong† (King, Jr. 168). In both Carter and King’s writing, it is well noted that peace is the ultimate goal of any conflict, whether it be between nations or among one nation. In conclusion, morality is a subjective ideal that is a contributor to conflicts both between nations and among one nation. War is necessary, but can be based on political, religious, or societal pressures of a nation. War can be perpetuated by political greed, or religious and societal reasons. It is important for a nation to make a valiant attempt to diplomatically resolve their conflicts with other nations or among their own nation before waging war. The morality of waging war is one of the most controversial issues nations face, whether it be with other nations or in dealing with conflicts among their own nation. Works Cited Carter, Jimmy. â€Å"Just War – or a Just War?† The Presence of Others: voices and images that call for response. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford, 2004. 259-261. King, Jr., Martin L. â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†. The Presence of Others: voices and images that call for response. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford, 2004. 163-176. How to cite Immoral Greed – War and Morality, Essay examples

A critical review of the major opposing views on a Essay Example For Students

A critical review of the major opposing views on a Essay rbitration industrial relationsThis paper will critically review the major opposing perspectives on arbitration and industrial relations, with particular attention to how government regulation and intervention relate to the changes made to the system after 1996. The major focus of this brief paper will be to demonstrate that Howards industrial relations policies resemble those of the late 1800s, where the Master and Servant Acts regulated the relationships between employer and employee. These were replaced with the introduction of the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration (1904-1921). The outcome from such dramatic change in industrial relations was the forming of unions and major strikes. Subsequently, the new system of employer and employee relations sought to resolve labour disputes and enhance the quality of life for Australian workers. Moreover it was steeped in social democratic ideals and worked to give every Australian a decent standard of living. These ideals h ave yet shifted back to the individual contract model where the market predetermines wages and working conditions. During pre-federation when free labour came to dominate the colonies; workers exercised their civil citizenship rights through entry into individual employment contracts. The master and servant laws which empowered these individual contracts were imported from Britain and were quickly implemented and regulated in the Colonies. Isaac argues that the master and servant acts both in concept and practice reflected the harsh penal code used against the convicts. However, the latter part of the 1800s brought with it the rising political influence of the working classes and an increasingly powerful trade union. The modification of the master and servant laws through the collectivisation of union groups resulted in a greater role fir state interventions. The 1890s saw the emergence of many disputes over working conditions and the power employers had over employees, which was legitimised by law. Australian workers were illustrating this through strikes and the formation of unions. In recognising the duty of government to be the protection and economic welfare of its citizens, a court of Conciliation and Arbitration was established in Australia in the 1890s. The new systems were based in social democratic ideals and worked to give every Australian a decent standard of living. These were unlike the imported Master and Servant Acts which legitimised employees subordination and exploitation by the employer. In 1945 the Australian Council of Trade Unions established and agreed with three major industrial demands: A substantial increase in wage, an end to wage pegging, and a 40 hour week. Unions were founded on the principle that employees on their own, without union advocates and resources are unequal in the bargaining process and prone for exploitation. The tread towards negotiations on qualitative improvements such as training and job satisfaction makes workplace industrial negotiations for the unions even more complex, necessitating substantial support for those involved in negotiating these issues at the workplace. A trade unions overall aim is that of protecting and advancing the interests of their members. The trade union movement has long been identified with the Labour party, but trade unions seek to act politically by using their representation powers. Unions try to influence government policy regardless of which party is in power. Employee relations are associated with two things. The first is the decentralised approach and in particular enterprise productivity bargaining, which needs to be located within the field that deals with unions, wages policy, bargaining structure and the like. The second defining feature of employee relations is a unitary value system. The advantages of arbitration are many, these have been highlighted by the ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) International Court of Arbitration on their website, the ICC states, decisions are final and binding, or as described in different terms by Schmitthoff (1990), businessmen prefer finality to meticulous legal accuracy. As arbitral awards are not subject to appeal, they are far more likely to be final than the judgment of courts of first instance. Though the arbitral award maybe subject to a challenge, the grounds of challenge are limited. If this occurs, it is likely to result in a large amount of time passing before a final judgment is passed. According to work place minister Peter Reith, working conditions must be monitored by