Promissory Estoppel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Promissory Estoppel - Essay ExampleIn this view, promissory estoppel is established as a flummoxual obligation that will in fact harmonize the often-divergent philosophies adhered to by legal scholars. This article looks at the different circumstances when promissory estoppel is used in the English courts and tries to summarize why the belief is an important part of contract law. It also tries to explain why the use of promissory estoppel is being contested. This paper maintains that promissory estoppel is still important in contract law and that instead of declining, it is actually evolving.Promissory estoppels has three distinct elements (1) a clear and definite promise, (2) the promise induced action or forbearance, and (3) injustice rouse only be avoided with the enforcement of the promise (Boyer 1950 460). The doctrine of promissory estoppels was first expounded in the case of Central capital of the United Kingdom Property Trust Ltd v High Trees home base (Denning 1946). In 1937, High Trees House Ltd. leased a block of flats from Central London Property Trust, with the conditions that the rent is worth 2,500 and duration is 95 years. But because London was suffering from war bombings at the time, High Trees may not be able to pay out its lease. To help the company sustain its business and since numerous flats were still unrented, the complainants sent a letter to the defendant confirming the reduction of the rent to 1,250. The defendants continued to pay the reduced rent and by 1945, when all the flats make up been rented out, High Trees paid only 1,250. In September 1945, the plaintiff wrote a letter to the defendant collecting the original amount of 2,500 for the entire year offset from September 29 to December 25, 1945. The defendants held that the letters passed on between the parties was evidence of modification in the original contract and that it was equally legally binding to the plaintiff company. Lord Denning

Forming stage of a team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forming tier of a police squad - Essay ExampleThe process of forming a team and identifying a set of value and norms takes time, this process takes five stages that were highlighted by Tuckman the 1960s and revised in 1977.Forming is the first stage of the Tuckmans team development model, and at this stage, the individualist team member comes unneurotic with a sense of anticipation and commitment towards working as part of a team. In our table, this has been experienced where members have trustworthy to come together in order to become members of our team during the meetings. In our team meetings, individual members feel that they should be committed, and anticipations are high towards working together to achieve the teams objectives.In the forming stage, motivation of members is high because members appreciate the fact of being selected to become part of the team. In our class meetings, members are cause towards working together in the team. Every individual is seen to be in p ositive attitude so that cohesiveness is maintained in the team. Members are commonly high in spirit during discussions and this helps to boost motivation in the team. Secondly, this stage is characterized by anxiety of members because they might not have met each other anyplace else before. Hence, individuals are anxious to meet new people who are different in personalities. In addition, members are anxious because they do not know what variety show of work they are going to do in the team. This is because they are not sure or their purpose in the team, and they do not know what is expect of them. In our table, members had not worked anywhere else before as a team and hence, there was anxiety, which was felt when we came together as a team the first time.The forming stage is also characterized by expression of personal relations and dependence of members on each other. This means that individuals highly rely on the

Professional report about an issue pertaining Essay

Professional report about an issue pertaining - Essay ExampleHowever, business firms induct often been witnessed to overlook the aspect of good being or their Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) while executing their organisational operations. For instance, marketers often make illusionary comments to persuade the clients, manufacturers often release harmful chemicals and elements in the have environment which affects the social and the eco-system of earth. The intention behind performing such unethical doings by organisations is mostly related to the realisation of huge profit in a short span of time. This not only harms the society at large but also has a strong effect on the lodges reputation and goodwill (Sharma, 2010). Subsequently, ethical performance is quite imperative in the case of an app atomic number 18l caller-out, especially when it is operating on multinational dais. It is because customer loyalty and their interest signify stimulated growth for the companies dealing with products similar to apparel. With this point of view, the paper shall intend to analyse the situation and identify the consequences most presumable to occur in the near future. Conclusively, the paper shall also suggest certain preliminary measures to overcome the identified challenges. A Situational Analysis In managerial ground Business Ethics is often referred to as an oxymoron, i.e. it brings two or more conflicting issues together in order to obtain an in-depth understanding to what is right and handle for the business and the society as well. However, in the realistic practices the organisational leaders have over and over again been observed to rant the issue of business ethical motive as a mere management concept rather than one of the most significant and uncompromising issues (Crane & Matten, 2007). With this concern, few ethical issues related to the apparel company can be identified in their supply-chain arrangements. For instance, one of the major suppli ers of the company has been enter to continue performing unethical practices in its South African branch. The allegations recorded against the company were emitting harmful toxic effluents into river, dumping needles, razors, caustic soda and other detrimental ingredients in the local municipality dumps. As a result, child rag-pickers of the neighbourhood have complained about breathing troubles, visionary problems and skin diseases. With an overall perspective, it is seemed that the consequences of the ethical practices performed by the supplier cannot affect the organisational operations. But with an in-depth analysis, it is quite identifiable that the impact can immediately influence the growth of the company. Moreover, it can also affect the entire apparel industry as it is associated with several other large companies. Hence, it is quite essential to adapt certain precautionary measures in order to eradicate the consequences. It is in this context, that organisations should pay equal attention to both the aspects of business practices and the cultural expectations. To be mentioned, there are various initiatives undertaken by business firms in multiple regions. For example, 34 different nations have been recorded to join their hands in order to enforce the outside Corrupt

Plankton Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Plankton - Research Paper ExampleThe third category, though r bely considered in most cases, comprises of bacteria which mostly feed on dead field leaving only a few that are photosynthetic. Majority of the planktons can only be viewed with the help of powerful microscope although some larger animals that include jellyfish, shrimps number in this category by virtue of their floating lifestyle (Ocean News, 2013). In addition to this, most plankton are able to make slight vertical movements on the piss column, although some are unable to do anything but only be carried passively by the peeing current. PLANT PLANKTON (PHYTOPLANKTON) Phytoplankton or mark plankton carries show up three major roles that are crucial to general life on humankind. These include i. Provision of close to 50% oxygen effect on earths atmosphere ii. Regulation of carbon dioxide levels in spite of appearance the water and in the atmosphere iii. They occupy the primary level of the aquatic food webs Micro scopic alga are the most common phytoplankton. The amount and distribution of planktons depends much on the amount of light, availability of nutrients and the steadiness of water layers. For instance, the region around New Zealand experiences the leap bloom in which case phytoplankton algae extensively cover the surface of water bodies. Such is the case that during this period the temperature is high, sunlight hours increase while nutrients are readily available. This comes following the stirring of storms and the winter cooling. Under such conditions, the phytoplankton undergoes a rapid growth and reproduction (Boney, 1975). In fact, it is said that the reproduction process double with each new day, a situation that sometimes escalate to reach nuisance proportions (Bolli, Saunders & Nielsen 1985). At its peak growth, the toxicity level increases and the oxygen in water reduce and at its worst, it is depleted. However, the phytoplankton often depletes their nutrients prior to this. The phytoplankton population is controlled by the grazing Zooplankton. The three major phytoplankton types include i) Diatoms This is formed of single cells that are covered within cases of silica (glass). Each of this case comprises two interlocking parts and fine holes that allow nutrients in and waste to move out. These organisms, that also form the photosynthetic group, live on mostly in the ocean, and only a small group inhabiting fresh water. ii) Dinoflagellates The name is derived from the two whip-like extensions (flagella) used to make forward movement. This group takes in the vulturine species as well as the photosynthetic members (Tomas, & Hasle, 1997). Red tide is a term used when referring to masses of red-brown dinoflagellates found clustering in surface water bodies. iii) Desmids These represent the freshwater photo-synthesizers, which are closely associated with green seaweeds. They bear a resemblance to little miniature barbells or green cylinders and are mostly found in rivers and lakes. ANIMAL PLANKTON (ZOOPLANKTON) The Zooplankton serves as a bridge between the plant plankton, which are food producers, and the larger sea animals. Size has been found to play a major role when it comes to the survival in the sea, with the larger sized planktons getting an advantage over the small sized. Here, the single celled animal plankton feed on plant plankton or even sometimes ingest one another (Plankton.1976). The larger or multi celled zooplanktons such as crustaceans, jelly fish and arrow

Reflection of Daily Nutrition Intake Essay Example for Free

Reflection of Daily Nutrition Intake EssayHypothesisMy daily caloric intake is anticipated to be higher(prenominal) than the recommended grant of carbohydrates, lipids and sodium however, it is expected to be lower than the recommended allowance for proteins, minerals, and vitamins.ResearchIn the United States, people use almost their entire food budget on processed foods which often have been treated with chemicals after being harvested or butchered. These chemicals are additives and preservatives which are substances intended to change the food before it is purchased by customers. wizard-dimensionals chamberpot be flavorings that enhance the foods taste, dyes that alter the color, and dietary additives, such as vitamins, minerals, expositty acids and other supplements. Preservatives are used to extend a products shelf life by preventing bacterial or fungal growth, oxidation (which potentiometer lead to the discoloration or rancidity), or inhibiting the natural ripening of fruits and vegetables. Packaging is considered an Indirect Food Additive because it can add substances to the food it protects. A common preservative in the food that I eat is called propionic acid, which prevents mold in bread. Also, most processed foods aver on additives to restore the flavor that is lost in processing or create new flavors altogether.For example McDonalds jaundiced products like Chicken McNuggets add chicken flavor. A food additive is considered fit for human consumption after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves it. However, this decision can prove to be deplorable because when certain chemicals are added to processed food products, some of these food and color additives provoke an allergic reaction or other critical health problems. For example, monosodium glutamate (MSG) causes headaches, nausea, weakness, encumbrance breathing, drowsiness, rapid heartbeat, and chest pain. This can be avoided because it is required for all of the ingredients to be listed on the food label. Unfortunately, additives and preservatives are often unclear as to what they include. Saturated fat is found in foods from animals and certain types of plants. Foods from animals include beef, lamb, pork, lard, poultry fat, and other dairy products made from milk. Foods from plants that contain saturated fat include coconut, tropical oils, and cocoa butter. ii types of unsaturated fat are polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. They are found mostly in fish, nuts, seeds and oils from assorted plants. Trans-fatty acids are found in miniature amounts in various animal products such as beef, pork, lamb and the butterfat in butter and milk. Both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are considered to be healthy because they may help lower ones blood cholesterol level when replacing saturated and trans fats. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in two different types cis and trans. These terms abduce to the hydrogen atoms physical positioning around t he carbon chain. The cis form is more common than the trans form. In some studies hydrogenated fats, or trans fats, mostly raised the total low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and lower the HDL cholesterol levels. This could result in the heightened risk of heart disease.Essential Vitamins and Minerals are often called micronutrients because only a small portion is needed to live a healthy lifestyle. Without these micronutrients one is almost guaranteed to become infected with a disease like scurvy, blindness or rickets. Although they are twain considered micronutrients, vitamins and minerals differ in basic ways. Vitamins are organic and can be broken down by heat, air, or acid. Minerals on the other blow over are inorganic and hold on to their chemical structure. Essential Vitamins include Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins. The water-soluble vitamins are B and C and the fat-Soluble Vitamins are A, D, E, and K. The fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K. Firstly , Vitamin A is vital for good vision, prevents night blindness, keeps mucous membranes healthy and is necessary for healthy skin and hair growth. Next, Vitamin D is found in foods obtained from the sun.It helps bones use the mineral calcium to build strong bones and it prevents rickets. Also, Vitamin E helps breakdown polyunsaturated fats. It is an antioxidant that protects blood cell membranes from too much oxygen. Finally the fat-soluble Vitamin K is essential for the coagulate of blood. It can be found in foods or produced in bacteria in the small intestines. The water-soluble vitamins are B and C. C is the most storied vitamin, and is also referred to as ascorbic acid. It helps form collagen, grow and repair body tissue and blood vessels, and prevent scurvy. However, too much Vitamin C can lead to the existence of Kidney stones and the breakdown of red blood cells.Vitamin B is complex and has several different types such as B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), Naicin, B6, B12, and Folacin. Amino Acids are organic compounds. They are the monomers of proteins and consist of both an amino group and a carboxyl group. The human body is unable to synthesize certain amino acids called essential amino acids, the human body can synthesize all of the amino acids necessary to build proteins except for the ten called the essential amino acids.(Nave 1) For example, some of the essential amino acids are Leucine(leu) and Phenylalanine.ConclusionMy possible action was correct because as I cataloged my daily nutritional intake I found that the recommended allowance of carbohydrates, lipids and sodium is lower than what I eat and the recommended allowance for proteins, minerals, and vitamins is higher than what I eat. I am supposed to take in approximately 2000 calories a day and, on average, I only eat 900 calories a day. As I reflect on my daily nutritional intake I realize that in order to have a completely healthy lifestyle I must have more essential vitamins and mineral s as well as proteins in my diet.Works CitedAmerican subject matter Association . Cholesterol. www.heart.org. American Heart Association , n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http//www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/Cholesterol_UCM_001089_SubHomePage.jsp. Helpguide helps you help yourself and others. Helpguide helps you help yourself and others. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http//www.helpguide.org/index.htm. Nave, R. Essential Amino Acids. Essential Amino Acids. University of Arizonas Biology Project , n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/essam.html. sustainable Table. Food Additives, food additives pose threat The Issues

Advantages and Disadvantages to Society Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages to Society EssayHumans have amaze so dependent on electrical energy and societys evolution to a great extent has been based on it. In the absence of lights, computers, most methods of transportation and communication, the last hundred categorys of advancement could be set back. With these things considered, electricity could clearly be regarded as mans greatest discovery. However, in as much as electricity has played a major role in the near of humankind, it has also contributed widely into the sluggish destruction of society. Therefore, electricity has both an advantageous and disadvantageous effects on society.Electricity is an invisible form of energy created by the movement of charged particles, a phenomenon that is a result of the existence of electrical charge. It flows into our homes along wires and can be easily converted into other energy forms, such as heat and light. It can be stored in batteries or sent along wires to make electric tr ains, computers, light bulbs and other devices work. The comprehension of electricity has enjoin to the invention of generators, computers and atomic-energy systems, X-ray devices, motors, teleph matchlesss, radio and television. (Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, 2002)Everything in the field, including humans and the air they breathe, is made of atoms. Each of these tiny particles has a positively charged center, named as nucleus, with smaller, negatively charged electrons whizzing around it. Electricity is created when one of the electrons jump to another atom. This can be caused by the magnetic work in a generator, by chemicals in a battery, or by friction (rubbing materials unitedly). Early History The breakthrough discovery that an electric charge could be created by rubbing two materials together was front made by the Greek Philosopher Thales around 600 BC.He found that if he rubbed the fossilized tree sap, amber, with silk, it attracted small light objects such as feat hers and dust. However, the first realistic device for the generation of electrical energy was not invented until 1800 when the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta constructed the first crude battery. For centuries, this strange, puzzling property was thought to be limited to amber. 2 thousand years later, in the 16th century, William Gilbert provided evidence that many other substances are electric.He gave these substances the Latin name electrica, originating from the Greek banter elektron (which means amber). According to the 2008 Encyclopedia Americana, the word magnet, comes from the Greek name for the black stones from Magnesia in Asia Minor. Sir Thomas Browne, an English writer and physician, first used the word electricity in 1646. Relationships between electricity and magnetism were devised in 1820 by the Danish physicist H. C. Oersted and the French physicist D. F. J. Arago from studies of the effects of a current-carrying conductor on a pick up needle or iron filings.T hat same year, the French physicist Andre Ampere showed that an electric current flowing through a wire created a magnetic field similar to that of a permanent magnet. In 1831, the English physicist Michael Faraday conceived a device for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. Faradays machine, the first dynamo (DC generator), was made up of a slob disk rotating between the poles of a permanent magnet. A year later, Hippolyte Pixii of France, built both an AC generator and a DC generator, the latter being fitted with a commutator.Such primeval generators were widely used for experimental purposes. Nonetheless, they could not generate a great deal of power because the field strength of their permanent magnets was slight. In 1866, the German inventor Werner von Siemens initiated the use of electromagnets instead of permanent magnets for the field poles of a DC generator. In 1870, the Belgian inventor Zenobe Gramme further change the performance of DC generators by using a rmatures of iron wound with rings of insulated copper wire.Powered by counteracting steam engines, Grammes generators were used to supply current for swerve lamps in lighthouses and factories. Electric arc street lamps were installed in Paris in 1879, in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1879, and in New York City in 1880. However, the carbon chain incandescent lamp invented by Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan in 1880 provided a far better and more suitable source of light than arc lamps did. This invention created a great demand for electric power as it marked the beginning of the electric power industry.Electricity was a mystifying force. It did not seem to come about naturally at initial appearance, except in the frightening form of lightning. Researchers had to do an atypical thing to study electricity they had to manufacture the phenomenon before they could dismember it. We have come to realize that electricity is everywhere and that all matter is electrical in nature. Many innovators in the study of magnetism and electricity become known between the late 1700s and the early 1800s, many of whom left their names on several electrical units.These scientists include Charles Augustin de Coulomb (the unit of charge), Andre Ampere (current), George Ohm (resistance), pile Watt (electrical power), and James Joule (energy). Luigi Galvani gave us the galvanometer, a device for measuring currents, while Alessandro Volta gave us the volt, a unit of potential, or electromotive force. Similarly C. F. Gauss, Hans Christian Oersted, and W. E. weber all made their mark and established their names on electrical engineering.Only Benjamin Franklin failed to leave his name on any electrical unit, despite his noteworthy contributions. All of the afore-mentioned scientists contributed to the study of electricity. However, the two real giants in the field were 19th century Englishmen, Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. The widespread use of electricity as a source of power is largely due to the work of pioneering American engineers and inventors such as Nikola Tesla, and Charles Proteus Steinmetz during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Microsoft Encarta savoir-faire Library 2002).One of the most well-known perhaps is Thomas Alva Edison, most famous for his development of the first commercially practical incandescent lamp. He was one of the most prolific inventors of the late 19th century and his greatest contribution is the development of the worlds first central-electric-light-power-station. By the time he died in West Orange, New Jersey, he had patented over 1000 inventions. (Jenkins, R. 2000) II. BODY Electrical activity takes place constantly everywhere in the universe. Electrical forces traction molecules together.The nervous systems of animals work by way of weak electric signals transmitted between nerve cells called neurons. Electricity is generated, transmitted, and converted into other forms of energy such as heat, light and motion through nat ural processes, as well as by devices built by people. Over the period from 1950 to 1999, the most recent year for which data are available, annual world electric power production and consumption rose from slightly less than 1,000 billion kilowatt hours to 14,028 billion kwh. A change also took place in the type of power generation.In 1950, about 2/3 of the electricity came from thermal or steam-generating sources and about 1/3 from hydroelectric sources. In 1998, thermal sources produced sixty-three percent of the power, but hydropower had declined to nineteen percent, and nuclear power accounted for seventeen percent of the total. The growth in nuclear power slowed in some countries, markedly the United States, in reaction to concerns about safety. Nuclear plants generated twenty percent of U. S. electricity in 1999 in France, the world leader, the figure was 76 percent.

The Protagonist Essay Example for Free

The Protagonist EssayHave you ever picked up a book and within minutes you couldnt put it down? Have you felt a deep connection with a character, yet at the same(p) time not understood why the characters do the things they do? The way we connect with our favorite characters is no accident. The motives resolve when writing is for the reader to connect with the protagonist of their stories.I know that The author of Circumcision Pramoedya (Prah-MOO-dia) Ananta Toer exploits his fabricator as his protagonist because he is the approximately rally character in the twaddle, the author uses him to give notice the readers emotions and feelings, and the fabricator goes through trials and tribulations, and creates a change in his character and transforms him in the yarn. I could easily tell that the narrator was the most central character in the short story Circumcision. With the opening of the first sentence, I spent my evenings at the local prayer house learning to recite the Qu ran. The narrator starts to speak in the first person point of view. Although this is not a clear indication of him being the central character, it does have the reader wondering. Throughout the story the author keeps repeating the words my and I, and once again that really puts emphasis on what the main character is doing and the connection with the narrator. As the author develops the narrators character he defines him as a young Muslim kid who seems to be between the ages of eight and thirteen. Most of the following pages of the story are all about how the narrator is going to be circumcised. The author uses the narrator to tell his story and employs the sequences of events in his plot. As the main character of the story, the narrator is strengthened up through the craft of his author.The author uses his narrator to grab the attention of the audience and gradually institute commonality with the reader. When the author makes his narrator more universal joint the reader can rel ate with the authors fictional character, and gain access to more heartfelt feelings from the reader. The author knows the character of his narrator is important, so he uses his characters abilities to engage the reader. If the author can hook his readers, then he truly has all their emotions and they will feel the sequence of events as his character does. The protagonist jibe to Deblanco and Cheuse will have desires or objectives (84), and it is these desires and objectives in the story that engages me as I am reading. In the story, the narrator has to struggle with decisions that could impact his whole adult spirit and whether or not he is going to be, in his eyes, a good Muslim.The author has me wanting to continue reading the story to see if the narrator will go through with the circumcision. He engages me and brings me in to his scene and I feel the narrators pain and rejoice in his celebrations. The narrator is the authors protagonist because a protagonist mostly overcomes a dversity and grows from his situation. The narrator in the story is struggling with the choice to be circumcised or not. In the aboriginal part of the story, the narrator says If I havent been circumcised was I really a good Muslim. In order for the protagonist of a story to grow up, or transform, he must have motive and purpose. The author gives the narrator purpose and motivation when the young boy is told of all the wonderful things he will receive when he is circumcised.As the narrator is sitting in the chair, waiting for his turn at the knife, the suspense is building inside his head. He says I was incredibly scared. I wanted to be a good Muslim, but that wasnt enough to still my terror. Pramoedya (Prah-MOO-dia) Ananta Toer (98). The author uses this point in his story to build up his rising action. At this point in the story the narrator is challenged with adversity and we are waiting to see what the authors resolution will be. As a result of the narrator undergoing the proce dure, he transforms from a young boy to a young Muslim man. In conclusion, the protagonist of the short story Circumcision is the narrator. He is the most central character in the story. He is used to strike commonality and evoke the readers emotions and feelings, and the narrator grows through trials and tribulation. I hope that subsequently reading the story and this analysis that most readers will agree.