Eating Behaviour and Perceptions of Body Image in School

take Behaviour and Perceptions of Body Image in SchoolEating behavior and intuition of personate orbit in school childrenBackgroundBody dissatisfaction, which is defined as the inequality in the midst of sensed and ideal tree trunk icon, can step up during childhood (Smolak 2004) and can lead to feeding and weight problems in adolescence (Stice 2002 McKnight 2003). Specifically, Stice 2002 describe that when an adolescent presents with body dissatisfaction the probability of engaging to dieting and take in habits that are precursors of eating dis posts was increased. Besides that body dissatisfaction was linked to bulimia (Stice 2002). Moreover, McKnight 2003 suggested that school children who presented with thinner preoccupation were in greater risk of developing an eating disorder (McKnight 2003). In addition, body dissatisfaction has been associated with obesity, since obesity is an eating disorder risk factor (Fairburn, Welch et al. 1997 Mustillo, Worthman et al. 20 03) and body image is a moderator of the risk of developing eating disorders (Dounchis, Hayden et al. 2001). Except from body dissatisfaction, eating problems in early childhood can lead to eating disorders in adolescence and early adulthood (Kotler, Cohen et al. 2001).A number of studies have cogitate on the relationship mingled with eating styles that precede the development of eating disorders, and the perception of body image in various age groups wish well school children, adolescents and university students and have reported that indivi forkeds with steep EAT and ChEAT scores were more than likely to choose a thinner ideal body image and consequently had body dissatisfaction (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996 Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003 Gonalves, Silva et al. 2012 del mollycoddle Bibiloni, Pich et al. 2013 Kutlu and Civi 2013). In more detail, Kutlu and Civi (2013) investigated the connective between symptoms of eating disorders and body perception by using the Eating Att itude Test (EAT-40) in university students and found that individuals who sensed themselves obese reported high scores in the EAT-40 and thus demonstrated a relation between eating disorders and body image perception. Similar results were presented in a cartoon that investigated the association between self-physique and symptoms of anorexia nevrosa in high school individuals in Japan and showed that students with an eating disorder often chose the thinnest ideal body image when compared to the students who did not have an eating disorder (Nishizawa, Kida et al. 2003). Additionally, Edlund et al. 1996 investigated the relation between the ChEAT, DEBQ questionnaires and body image in school girls and observed that girls with high ChEAT scores were more likely to diet and engage to restrained eating and these girls had a high discrepancy between ideal and perceived body image.Other studies have foc utilize on eating behaviors like restrained and emotional eating and the relation wi th perception of body image (Kapka-Skrzypczak 2012 Wiedemann and Saules 2013 Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Ohara et al. 2014 investigated the association between eating behavior, by using the DEBQ questionnaire, and discrepancy of body image in Japanese university students and suggested that restrained eating was negatively associated with body dissatisfaction in both males and females. In addition, university female students with emotional eating had higher(prenominal) levels of discrepancy of body image. This pattern was not observed in males (Ohara, Kato et al. 2014). Wiedemann and Saules (2013) suggested that the positive association between emotional eating and weight problem perception, another(prenominal) term for body image perception, could be explained by the fact that individuals that perceive themselves as overweight engage to emotional eating because they experience strong emotions like anger, notion or anxiety more often than individuals who are satisfied with their body image. Kapka-Skrzypczak (2012) studied the relationship between dietary habits in adolescents and young adults and reported that students that werent on a diet were more satisfied with their body image as compared to students that tried to lose weight.Another important fact that arises from the existing literature is that the majority of studies are cross-sectional and examine the association between eating disorders symptoms or eating behavior and body dissatisfaction in a precise point in time. This results in a lack of longitudinal info studying the exact pathway that connects eating behavior and the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image. Moreover, most of the studies that were found during the literature search included adolescents and university students and only two studies investigated this relationship in school children (Edlund, Halvarsson et al. 1996 Gonalves, Silva et al. 2012). Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the association between e ating behavior of school children (9 year ancient), reported by mothers, and the discrepancy of body image. For this purpose data from the Generation R study will be used. Additionally, eating behavior will be assessed by the Childrens Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and the perception of body image by the Childrens Body Image Scale (CBIS).In conclusion, future studies should focus on younger ages, between 4-9 years old, because currently it is not known whether the association that is demonstrated by the aforementioned studies for adolescents and university students is present at this age group too. Furthermore, longitudinal studies investigating whether eating behavior of preschool children is a predictor of the perception of body image are needed and besides the individual and parental factors, sociocultural factors should be taken into consideration.Generation RGeneration R is a population-based potential cohort study from fetal life to young adulthood (Jaddoe, cutting edge Duijn et al. 2012). This study aims to investigate the causes (environmental and genetic) and the pathway that contribute to a normal or brachydactylic growth and consequently the state of health throughout fetal life, childhood and adulthood. In Generation R thither are certain areas of research take paternal health, growth and physical development, behavioral and cognitive development, respiratory health and allergies, diseases in childhood, and health and healthcare for children and their parents. Generation R invited all pregnant women sustentation in Rotterdam and were expected to deliver between April 2002 and January 2006. Furthermore, follow-up studies included children born by mothers that participated in the study. Participants had to sign a written informed consent in order to be able to participate in the study. Physical examinations and questionnaires were included in the assessments, where the majority (86%) of the questionnaires were filled out by parents. Ge neration R has been ratified by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. More information and details of Generation R can be found elsewhere (Jaddoe, van Duijn et al. 2012).Childrens Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ)The CEBQ was developed in order to assess the eating behavior of children and study which eating styles lead to obesity and overweight (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001). Childrens eating behavior is reported by parents and consists of 8 eating behavior items food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating, desire to drink, satiety responsiveness, emotional undereating and fussiness. In order to measure these items a 5-point Likert scale is used and ranges from 1 to 5, where 1 denoted never and 5 always (Wardle, Guthrie et al. 2001).Childrens Body Image Scale (CBIS)The CBIS is an instrument that is used to assess the perception of body size in children (Truby and Paxton 2002). CBIS consists of 7 discovers which have different versions for males and females. These 7 figures range from the thinnest body shape to the fattest (3rd to 97th NCHS percentiles) (Truby and Paxton 2002). Usually, children have to choose between these 7 figures the one that represents the perceived and the one that denotes the ideal body image.CovariatesChild BMI, gender, ethnicity, maternal BMI and education will be included in the regression outline as potential confounding variables (Gonalves, Silva et al. 2012 Baillie and Copeland 2013 Bergmeier, Skouteris et al. 2014 Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). It has been demonstrated that female high school students had higher scores on emotional eating and binge eating than males (Sukariyah and Sidani 2014). Additionally, Baile and Copeland (2013) observed that women had higher score on the Body Shape Questionnaire. An different pattern was reported in Goncalves et al. (2012), where boys who were not satisfied with their body image had higher score in the ChEAT questionnaire, a pattern that was not seen in girls who participated in the same study. Moreover, another study in Korean adolescents found that males had higher percentage of body image distortion and thus were in greater risk of developing an eating disorder than females (Hyun, Jung et al. 2014). BMI has been associated with body image dissatisfaction, since individuals with a higher BMI are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body image and engage to restrained eating (Jones and Crawford 2005 OHaver, Melnyk et al. 2009 Gonalves, Silva et al. 2012). Furthermore, differences in the magnitude of body image dissatisfaction concerning ethnicity have been suggested by some studies (Gluck and Geliebter 2002 Baillie and Copeland 2013). Glunk and Geliebter (2002) reported that whitenesss and Asians had a higher discrepancy of body image than African Americans and Caucasians scored higher on the eating disorder questionnaire than Asians and African Americans. Baillie and Copeland (2013) observed that Caucasians had a greater body dissatisfaction with their body image than Chinese but no differences were found concerning the scores on the eating disorder questionnaire (EAT-26). Lastly, maternal BMI and education have been associated with food fussiness in children (Bergmeier, Skouteris et al. 2014). Besides that, Goncalves et al. (2012) found that higher maternal BMI was associated with higher scores on the ChEAT questionnaire.Research question(s)Is there an association between eating behavior and the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image?In case an association is present, which items from the CEBQ questionnaire are think with the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image?HypothesisThis study will not be based on a precise hypothesis. Instead an exploration of the association between eating behavior and discrepancy of body image will be conducted in 9 year old children from the Generation R study.MethodsSubjectsIn this study data were collected from both mothers and their children. Firstly, mothers provided information on their childs eating behavior by cream out the CEBQ questionnaire, when their children were at the age of 9. Secondly, children at the age of 9 filled out the CBIS for the assessment of the perception of body image. In total data from most 4000 children are available at this point.Statistical AnalysisCBIS provides ordinal data but usually it is treated as interval data (Collins 1991). From the CBIS questionnaire the variable discrepancy of body image will be created. Discrepancy of body image is defined as the difference of perceived-ideal body image.Plots to check whether the variables of interest are ordinarily distributed will be done.Descriptive statistics will be performed for eating behavior items and body image (ideal, perceived and discrepancy of perceived-ideal) (mean scores and standard deviations). For this purpose statistical tests, parametric (ANOVA, 2) and non-parametric tests for not normally distributed data will be done.Check correlation between confounding variables, eating behavior and body perception.Multiple elongate regression will be performed where eating behavior (in the form of CEBQ scores) will be the outcome variable and discrepancy of body perception will be the independent/explanatory variable.Sensitivity analysis will be performed for the participants that didnt have any missing values, in order to check whether individuals with missing data are different from individuals without missing data.Multiple imputation techniques will be used in order to check for missing data and avoid bias.StatisticsSPSS 21 peak of thesis/internship1 April 2015 31 August 2015Investigation scheme1-24/04 Conducting literature search and writing research proposal27/04-01/05 First acquaintance with dataset04-08/05 readiness of data analysis11/05-05/06 Statistical Analysis and writing part of the report08-12/06 Interpretation of results for the data analysis15/06-22/07 Writing report23/07-09/08 Holidays10-17/08 Correcting and improving manuscript18-21/08 Outline and submit report24-31/08 Preparation of presentation and presentationReferencesBaillie, L. 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